Hangzhou - China
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China´s NDC commitment |
Mobility in Hangzhou |
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Policy Process in China |
Electric Mobility Hangzhou |
China´s NDC commitment
China is the world’s most populous country, accounts for about one-third of the world’s total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and is responsible for more than half of the world’s increase in GHG emissions in the last 10 years (IEA 2016).
Total geographical area: 9.6 million sq. km
Land area: 9,326, 410 sq. km
Water: 270, 550 sq. km
Population: 1.4 billion
Population growth: 0.41% (2017)
GDP: USD 23, 12 trillion (2017)
GDP per capita USD 16,600 (2017)
Urban population 59.2% of total population (2018)
Rate of urbanisation: 2.4% annual rate of change
Capital city: Beijing
China ratified the Paris Agreement on Climate Change on the 3 of September 2016, and committed to its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to peak CO2 emissions by 2030, at the latest, lower carbon intensity of GDP by 60%-65% below 2005 by 2030, increase the share of non-fossil energy carriers of the total primary energy supply to around 20% by that time, and increase its forest stock volume by 4. 5billion cubic meters, compared to 2005 levels. China’s NDC’s targets, if reached, would result in GHG emission levels of roughly 12.7–13.8 GtCO2e in 2030, a 64%–70% reduction of emissions intensity below 2005 levels (using the latest projections on GDP development (IEA, 2017a))
Total geographical area: 9.6 million sq. km
Land area: 9,326, 410 sq. km
Water: 270, 550 sq. km
Population: 1.4 billion
Population growth: 0.41% (2017)
GDP: USD 23, 12 trillion (2017)
GDP per capita USD 16,600 (2017)
Urban population 59.2% of total population (2018)
Rate of urbanisation: 2.4% annual rate of change
Capital city: Beijing
China ratified the Paris Agreement on Climate Change on the 3 of September 2016, and committed to its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to peak CO2 emissions by 2030, at the latest, lower carbon intensity of GDP by 60%-65% below 2005 by 2030, increase the share of non-fossil energy carriers of the total primary energy supply to around 20% by that time, and increase its forest stock volume by 4. 5billion cubic meters, compared to 2005 levels. China’s NDC’s targets, if reached, would result in GHG emission levels of roughly 12.7–13.8 GtCO2e in 2030, a 64%–70% reduction of emissions intensity below 2005 levels (using the latest projections on GDP development (IEA, 2017a))
Policy Process in China
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China
This paper will help identifying policy measures in line with the New Urban Agenda and in the context of the respective Nationally Determined Contributions for China. This paper will briefly assess framework conditions in the country in addition to policy actions with mitigation potential. |
Mobility in Hangzhou
Population: 9.2 million (2016)
Urban Population: 7 million (2016)
Total geographical area: 16.596 sq. km
Urbanisation: 1/3 of the city
GDP: 162 billion USD
Population growth: (% pa, 2000-2016): 2.5%
GDP growth: (% pa, 2000-2016, LCU): 13.9%
The City of Hangzhou (Hangzhou) is one of the most developed and richest cities in China. Its is also the political, economic and cultural centre of Zhejiang province. Yet, only one third of the city is urbanised the remaining area consists of farmland, mountains and lakes. The urban part of Hangzhou is concentrated between the city’s historic centre between the West Lake and Qiantang river. With increases in urbanisation the city is expanding outward to the foothills of the western mountains and the southern side of the Qiantang river. Hangzhou consists of nine urban districts, two rural counties, and two county-level sub cities. A regional planning initiative integrates Hangzhou with northern Zhejiang cities of Huzhou, Shaoxing, and Jiaxing to create the Hangzhou Metropolitical Area which in 2015 had a residential population of 21.5 million people and a GDP of USD 310 billion (comparable to the Republic of South Africa’s).
Transport
In 2009, Hangzhou municipality issued its Resolution on the Construction of a low-carbon city. Since then it has developed several low-carbon emission campaigns in a bid to become a model low-carbon city. For instance, the city has spent 44 million USD on establishing a public bicycle rental system, including 50, 000 bicycles in 2000 rental spots to reduce its reliance on vehicles. Serving some 280,000 passengers daily, the system (free for the first hour) complements the city's extensive bus system. A public metro system extension to cover 278 kilometres, a modal share of buses is planned to exceed 50% and 25% of the bus fleet is expected to be energy efficient. Also in 2009, the Chinese government initiated the ten cities, thousand-vehicle program to stimulate electric vehicle development through large scare pilots in ten cities – Hangzhou is one of the pilot cities.
Urban Population: 7 million (2016)
Total geographical area: 16.596 sq. km
Urbanisation: 1/3 of the city
GDP: 162 billion USD
Population growth: (% pa, 2000-2016): 2.5%
GDP growth: (% pa, 2000-2016, LCU): 13.9%
The City of Hangzhou (Hangzhou) is one of the most developed and richest cities in China. Its is also the political, economic and cultural centre of Zhejiang province. Yet, only one third of the city is urbanised the remaining area consists of farmland, mountains and lakes. The urban part of Hangzhou is concentrated between the city’s historic centre between the West Lake and Qiantang river. With increases in urbanisation the city is expanding outward to the foothills of the western mountains and the southern side of the Qiantang river. Hangzhou consists of nine urban districts, two rural counties, and two county-level sub cities. A regional planning initiative integrates Hangzhou with northern Zhejiang cities of Huzhou, Shaoxing, and Jiaxing to create the Hangzhou Metropolitical Area which in 2015 had a residential population of 21.5 million people and a GDP of USD 310 billion (comparable to the Republic of South Africa’s).
Transport
In 2009, Hangzhou municipality issued its Resolution on the Construction of a low-carbon city. Since then it has developed several low-carbon emission campaigns in a bid to become a model low-carbon city. For instance, the city has spent 44 million USD on establishing a public bicycle rental system, including 50, 000 bicycles in 2000 rental spots to reduce its reliance on vehicles. Serving some 280,000 passengers daily, the system (free for the first hour) complements the city's extensive bus system. A public metro system extension to cover 278 kilometres, a modal share of buses is planned to exceed 50% and 25% of the bus fleet is expected to be energy efficient. Also in 2009, the Chinese government initiated the ten cities, thousand-vehicle program to stimulate electric vehicle development through large scare pilots in ten cities – Hangzhou is one of the pilot cities.
Electric Mobility in Hangzhou
Hangzhou, in China, has about six million inhabitants. The city encourages non-motorised transport, part of the reason why it has the largest bike sharing system in the world with 70,000 bikes and 3,000 stations. Some 66% of trips are by non-motorised modes. In 2005, Hangzhou began introducing electric and hybrid vehicles. However, in the years that followed Hangzhou experienced a rapid motorisation, register- ing over 2 million vehicles in 2014. As a result, air pollution increased at an alarming rate. Since 2010, the city has been looking at alternative environmental strategies to tackle this problem.
In September 2014, Hangzhou ordered 2,000 all-electric buses and today there are more than 1,500 clean buses circulating the city, around 21% of the bus feet. The city also introduced electric taxis, with 500 of them currently in service in Hangzhou, traveling an average of 230 km per day. This impressive distance is due to the city installing a high number of battery-swapping stations throughout the city, where taxi drivers can quickly change batteries instead of charging them - eliminating long waits. China State Grid, the electricity provider, own the batteries and also act the charging station operator. This reduces the extra costs of electric vehicles for private or pub- lic investors.
Hangzhou has been facing a big challenge in reducing carbon and energy consumption for several years now. Public policies are focused on implementing and improving sustainable transport such as public transport, walking and cycling, and new energy vehicles. Electric vehicle programs have made Hangzhou one of the leading cities in developing low carbon trans- port in China. The transport authorities, in collabo- ration with the local automobile industry, promote new energy vehicles (BEVs and HEVs) and public charging services. However, the city still needs to solve a number of issues. The huge variety of sustainable transport modes and vehicles makes the coordination and integration between them problematic. Due to the use of electric and hybrid buses, Hangzhou reduced the local air pollution attributed to pub- lic transport in the city. According to city officials, the use of alternative fuels has also contributed significantlyto reducing GNG emissions.
In September 2014, Hangzhou ordered 2,000 all-electric buses and today there are more than 1,500 clean buses circulating the city, around 21% of the bus feet. The city also introduced electric taxis, with 500 of them currently in service in Hangzhou, traveling an average of 230 km per day. This impressive distance is due to the city installing a high number of battery-swapping stations throughout the city, where taxi drivers can quickly change batteries instead of charging them - eliminating long waits. China State Grid, the electricity provider, own the batteries and also act the charging station operator. This reduces the extra costs of electric vehicles for private or pub- lic investors.
Hangzhou has been facing a big challenge in reducing carbon and energy consumption for several years now. Public policies are focused on implementing and improving sustainable transport such as public transport, walking and cycling, and new energy vehicles. Electric vehicle programs have made Hangzhou one of the leading cities in developing low carbon trans- port in China. The transport authorities, in collabo- ration with the local automobile industry, promote new energy vehicles (BEVs and HEVs) and public charging services. However, the city still needs to solve a number of issues. The huge variety of sustainable transport modes and vehicles makes the coordination and integration between them problematic. Due to the use of electric and hybrid buses, Hangzhou reduced the local air pollution attributed to pub- lic transport in the city. According to city officials, the use of alternative fuels has also contributed significantlyto reducing GNG emissions.
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Factsheet: Electric and Hybrid Public Transport
Transport contributes to around 22% of global green-house gas (GHG) emissions, and this figure is increasing dramatically 2.1% per year. To reverse this trend and reduce local air pollution, road-based public transport needs to shift from conventionally fueled vehicles (petrol and diesel) to alternatives such as electric or hybrid electric vehicles, or those fueled bynatural gas. Making this shift can significantly reducegreenhouse gases and local air pollution. Case study: Hangzhou (China) |
